本文实现了DCGAN [1]，这是一种生成对抗网络。DCGAN模型将完全连接层替换为全局池层。众所周知，GAN的目的是在鉴别器和发生器之间实现纳什均衡。也就是说，这两种模式都不应该表现得特别好。实验所使用的数据集为CUB200-2011，这是一个鸟类数据集，训练集包含5994个图像，实验设置如下所示：训练次数为200次，学习率为0.0002。此外，我切下原始图像的中心作为模型的输入，模型的大小是128×128像素。
代码：
main.py
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# Name: DCGAN_main # Author: Reacubeth # Time: 2021/5/28 19:47 # Mail: noverfitting@gmail.com # Site: www.omegaxyz.com # *_*coding:utf-8 *_* from __future__ import print_function import os import random import torch import torch.nn as nn import torch.optim as optim import torch.utils.data import torchvision.datasets as dset import torchvision.transforms as transforms import torchvision.utils as vutils import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import matplotlib.animation as animation from IPython.display import HTML from DCGAN import Discriminator, Generator manualSeed = 999 random.seed(manualSeed) torch.manual_seed(manualSeed) path = 'bird/CUB_200_2011/' ROOT_TRAIN = path + 'dataset/train/' workers = 2 batch_size = 128 image_size = 128 nc = 3 nz = 100 ngf = 64 ndf = 64 num_epochs = 200 lr = 0.0002 # 0.0002 beta1 = 0.5 ngpu = 4 dataset = dset.ImageFolder(root=ROOT_TRAIN, transform=transforms.Compose([ transforms.Resize(image_size), transforms.CenterCrop(image_size), transforms.ToTensor(), transforms.Normalize((0.485, 0.456, 0.406), (0.229, 0.224, 0.225)), ])) dataloader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(dataset, batch_size=batch_size, shuffle=True, num_workers=workers) device = torch.device("cuda:0" if (torch.cuda.is_available() and ngpu > 0) else "cpu") real_batch = next(iter(dataloader)) plt.figure(figsize=(8, 8)) plt.axis("off") plt.title("Training Images") plt.imshow(np.transpose(vutils.make_grid(real_batch[0].to(device)[:64], padding=2, normalize=True).cpu(), (1, 2, 0))) def weights_init(m): classname = m.__class__.__name__ if classname.find('Conv') != -1: nn.init.normal_(m.weight.data, 0.0, 0.02) elif classname.find('BatchNorm') != -1: nn.init.normal_(m.weight.data, 1.0, 0.02) nn.init.constant_(m.bias.data, 0) netG = Generator(ngpu).to(device) if (device.type == 'cuda') and (ngpu > 1): netG = nn.DataParallel(netG, list(range(ngpu))) netG.apply(weights_init) print(netG) netD = Discriminator(ngpu).to(device) if (device.type == 'cuda') and (ngpu > 1): netD = nn.DataParallel(netD, list(range(ngpu))) netD.apply(weights_init) print(netD) criterion = nn.BCELoss() # Create batch of latent vectors that we will use to visualize # the progression of the generator fixed_noise = torch.randn(64, nz, 1, 1, device=device) real_label = 1. fake_label = 0. optimizerD = optim.Adam(netD.parameters(), lr=lr, betas=(beta1, 0.999)) optimizerG = optim.Adam(netG.parameters(), lr=lr, betas=(beta1, 0.999)) # Training Loop # Lists to keep track of progress img_list = [] G_losses = [] D_losses = [] iters = 0 print("Starting Training Loop...") for epoch in range(num_epochs): for i, data in enumerate(dataloader, 0): netD.zero_grad() real_cpu = data[0].to(device) b_size = real_cpu.size(0) label = torch.full((b_size,), real_label, dtype=torch.float, device=device) output = netD(real_cpu).view(-1) errD_real = criterion(output, label) errD_real.backward() D_x = output.mean().item() noise = torch.randn(b_size, nz, 1, 1, device=device) fake = netG(noise) label.fill_(fake_label) output = netD(fake.detach()).view(-1) errD_fake = criterion(output, label) errD_fake.backward() D_G_z1 = output.mean().item() errD = errD_real + errD_fake optimizerD.step() netG.zero_grad() label.fill_(real_label) output = netD(fake).view(-1) errG = criterion(output, label) errG.backward() D_G_z2 = output.mean().item() optimizerG.step() if i % 50 == 0: print('[%d/%d][%d/%d]\tLoss_D: %.4f\tLoss_G: %.4f\tD(x): %.4f\tD(G(z)): %.4f / %.4f' % (epoch, num_epochs, i, len(dataloader), errD.item(), errG.item(), D_x, D_G_z1, D_G_z2)) G_losses.append(errG.item()) D_losses.append(errD.item()) if (iters % 500 == 0) or ((epoch == num_epochs - 1) and (i == len(dataloader) - 1)): with torch.no_grad(): fake = netG(fixed_noise).detach().cpu() img_list.append(vutils.make_grid(fake, padding=2, normalize=True)) iters += 1 torch.save(netD, 'checkpoint/netD' + str(num_epochs) + '.pth') plt.figure(figsize=(10, 5)) plt.title("Generator and Discriminator Loss During Training") plt.plot(G_losses, label="G") plt.plot(D_losses, label="D") plt.xlabel("iterations") plt.ylabel("Loss") plt.legend() plt.savefig('gan_losses.pdf', bbox_inches='tight') plt.show() fig = plt.figure(figsize=(8, 8)) plt.axis("off") ims = [[plt.imshow(np.transpose(i, (1, 2, 0)), animated=True)] for i in img_list] ani = animation.ArtistAnimation(fig, ims, interval=1000, repeat_delay=1000, blit=True) plt.savefig('fake_img.pdf', bbox_inches='tight') HTML(ani.to_jshtml()) real_batch = next(iter(dataloader)) plt.figure(figsize=(15, 15)) plt.subplot(1, 2, 1) plt.axis("off") plt.title("Real Images") plt.imshow(np.transpose(vutils.make_grid(real_batch[0].to(device)[:64], padding=5, normalize=True).cpu(), (1, 2, 0))) plt.savefig('real_img.pdf', bbox_inches='tight') plt.subplot(1, 2, 2) plt.axis("off") plt.title("Fake Images") plt.imshow(np.transpose(img_list[-1], (1, 2, 0))) plt.savefig('cmp_img.pdf', bbox_inches='tight') plt.show() |
DCGAN.py
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# Name: DCGAN.py # Author: Reacubeth # Time: 2021/5/28 18:42 # Mail: noverfitting@gmail.com # Site: www.omegaxyz.com # *_*coding:utf-8 *_* import torch.nn as nn import torch.nn.functional as F # Number of channels in the training images. For color images this is 3 nc = 3 # Size of z latent vector (i.e. size of generator input) nz = 100 # Size of feature maps in generator ngf = 128 # Size of feature maps in discriminator ndf = 128 # https://pytorch.org/tutorials/beginner/dcgan_faces_tutorial.html class Generator(nn.Module): def __init__(self, ngpu): super(Generator, self).__init__() self.ngpu = ngpu self.main = nn.Sequential( # input is Z, going into a convolution nn.ConvTranspose2d(nz, ngf * 16, 4, 1, 0, bias=False), nn.BatchNorm2d(ngf * 16), nn.ReLU(True), # state size. (ngf*16) x 4 x 4 nn.ConvTranspose2d(ngf * 16, ngf * 8, 4, 2, 1, bias=False), nn.BatchNorm2d(ngf * 8), nn.ReLU(True), # state size. (ngf*8) x 8 x 8 nn.ConvTranspose2d(ngf * 8, ngf * 4, 4, 2, 1, bias=False), nn.BatchNorm2d(ngf * 4), nn.ReLU(True), # state size. (ngf*4) x 16 x 16 nn.ConvTranspose2d(ngf * 4, ngf * 2, 4, 2, 1, bias=False), nn.BatchNorm2d(ngf * 2), nn.ReLU(True), # state size. (ngf*2) x 32 x 32 nn.ConvTranspose2d(ngf * 2, ngf, 4, 2, 1, bias=False), nn.BatchNorm2d(ngf), nn.ReLU(True), # state size. (ngf) x 64 x 64 nn.ConvTranspose2d(ngf, nc, 4, 2, 1, bias=False), nn.Tanh() # state size. (nc) x 128 x 128 ) def forward(self, x): x = self.main(x) return x class Discriminator(nn.Module): def __init__(self, ngpu): super(Discriminator, self).__init__() self.use_fully = True self.ngpu = ngpu self.main = nn.Sequential( # input is (nc) x 128 x 128 nn.Conv2d(nc, ndf, 4, 2, 1, bias=False), nn.LeakyReLU(0.2, inplace=True), # state size. (ndf) x 64 x 64 nn.Conv2d(ndf, ndf * 2, 4, 2, 1, bias=False), nn.BatchNorm2d(ndf * 2), nn.LeakyReLU(0.2, inplace=True), # state size. (ndf*2) x 32 x 32 nn.Conv2d(ndf * 2, ndf * 4, 4, 2, 1, bias=False), nn.BatchNorm2d(ndf * 4), nn.LeakyReLU(0.2, inplace=True), # state size. (ndf*4) x 16 x 16 nn.Conv2d(ndf * 4, ndf * 8, 4, 2, 1, bias=False), nn.BatchNorm2d(ndf * 8), nn.LeakyReLU(0.2, inplace=True), # state size. (ndf*8) x 8 x 8 nn.Conv2d(ndf * 8, ndf * 16, 4, 2, 1, bias=False), nn.BatchNorm2d(ndf * 16), nn.LeakyReLU(0.2, inplace=True), # state size. (ndf*16) x 4 x 4 # use_fully # nn.Conv2d(ndf * 16, 1, 4, 1, 0, bias=False), # nn.Sigmoid() ) if self.use_fully: print('use_fully') self.out = nn.Sequential( nn.Linear(ndf * 16 * 4 * 4, 1), nn.Sigmoid() ) def forward(self, x): x = self.main(x) if self.use_fully: x = x.view(x.size(0), -1) x = self.out(x) return x |
与原始图像相比，生成的图像如下图所示。左边的格子是真实图像，右边的是生成的图像。
可以观察到，假图像与真图像接近，甚至有些生成的图像很难与真图像区分开来。当然，有些图像在绿色背景下有点模糊。为了观察生成的图像的演变，我还将这些伪图像在不同时期进行了可视化。有趣的是，在早期阶段已经提取了一些潜在的特征。在第50次迭代中，整个鸟类的轮廓已经开始出现。
下图显示了训练过程中损失的变化。我们可以看到生成器的损耗比鉴别器的略高。其中一个可能的原因是全连通层（自己加的）的存在。我们还可以看到它们的损失都不稳定，这可能导致模式崩溃。
另外，为了验证GAN的原理，我设置了一个比原来更高的学习率（0.001）。我发现生成器的损失立即收敛到0，而鉴别器的损失保持在一个较高的水平，这就是为什么很难训练GAN模型的原因。
最后我借助Grad-CAM[2]将DCGAN中鉴别器的不同中间层的注意可视化。Grad-CAM利用流入CNN的最后一个卷积层的梯度信息为每个神经元分配重要值。具体地说，类
的梯度通过使用
（softmax之前的Logits）来计算，并且特征图的激活值被定义为
。这些回流梯度与宽度和高度维度（分别以
和
索引）上的全局池策略一起应用，以获得神经元重要性照明
。等式??和??描述了这个过程。
![\[ \alpha_{k}^{c}=\frac{1}{Z} \sum_{i \in w} \sum_{j \in h} \frac{\partial y^{c}}{\partial A_{i j}^{k}} \]](https://www.omegaxyz.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-7c9aabd6a01c6fb63c8bd2cf46336da3_l3.svg "Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com")
![\[ L_{G r a d-C A M}^{c}=\operatorname{ReLU}\left(\alpha_{k}^{c} * A^{k}\right) \]](https://www.omegaxyz.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-ce2303fd4b5cb1360d425f054209b8a4_l3.svg "Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com")
在数据集CUB200-2011下，DCGAN中鉴别器的最后一个卷积层的热图如下图所示。第二列和第三列分别是Grad-CAM和Grad-CAM++ [3]的热图。最后两列是叠加在原始图像上的结果。我选择把让鉴别器做出虚假判断的注意力形象化。从结果可以看出，在大多数情况下，热值较高的地方不是鸟类，而是环境，这说明在GAN模型中，鉴别器不应表现得如此糟糕。
[1] Radford, Alec, Luke Metz, and Soumith Chintala. "Unsupervised representation learning with deep convolutional generative adversarial networks." arXiv preprint arXiv:1511.06434 (2015).
[2] Selvaraju, Ramprasaath R., et al. "Grad-cam: Visual explanations from deep networks via gradient-based localization." Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on computer vision. 2017.
[3] Chattopadhay, Aditya, et al. "Grad-cam++: Generalized gradient-based visual explanations for deep convolutional networks." 2018 IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV). IEEE, 2018.
